.1 HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS
DEFINITION – PRINCIPLES FOR IDEAL HIGHWAY
ALIGNMENT – FACTORS AFFECTING HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
– SURVEYS – ENGINEERING SURVEYS –
RECONNAISSANCE – PRELIMINARY AND LOCATION
SURVEYS – PROJECT REPORT AND DRAWINGS –
HIGHWAY RE-ALIGNMENT PROJECTS.
2.2 ROAD MACHINERIES
2.3 LOW COST ROADS
2.4 BITUMINOUS ROADS
2.5 CEMENT CONCRETE ROADS
GENERAL – ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES –
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE
ROADS WITH SKETCHES – CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
FOR CONCRETE ROADS.
2.6 HILL ROADS
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN ALIGNMENT – FORMATION OF
HILL ROADS – HAIR PIN BENDS – RETAINING AND BREAST
WALLS.