5.1 RETROFITTING OF BUILDINGS
EVALUATION, REPAIR, RESTORATION AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF
BUILDINGS: ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND NON STRUCTURAL
DAMAGES CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKES, MAJOR AND MINOR DAMAGES,
FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR RETROFITTING – STRUCTURAL LEVEL
RETROFITTING METHOD AND MEMBER LEVEL RETROFITTING METHOD –
REPAIR MATERIALS: SHOTCRETE, EPOXY RESINS, EPOXY MORTAR,
GYPSUM CEMENT MORTAR, QUICK SETTING MORTARS, MECHANICAL
ANCHORS – TECHNIQUES TO RESTORE ORIGINAL STRENGTH: REPAIR
OF MINOR AND MEDIUM CRACKS, REPAIR OF MAJOR CRACKS
CRUSHED CONCRETE AND FRACTURED / EXCESSIVELY YIELDED /
BUCKLED REINFORCEMENT – SEISMIC STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUES:
MODIFICATION OF ROOFS OR FLOORS, INSERTION OF NEW SLAB,
STIFFENING EXISTING SLAB, ANCHORING THE SLAB TO SUPPORTING
WALLS / BEAMS – INSERTING NEW WALLS – STRENGTHENING
EXISTING WALLS: GROUTING, USE OF WIRE MESH, CONNECTING THE
WALLS, PRE STRESSING, PROVIDING BUTTRESS – STRENGTHENING OF
RC MEMBERS: REINFORCED CONCRETE RINGS AROUND EXISTING
COLUMNS, JACKETING THE EXISTING WEAK BEAMS, WELDING NEW
STEEL TO THE OLD STEEL AND REPLACING THE COVER, PRE
STRESSING OF OLD BEAMS – INTRODUCTION OF ADDITIONAL LOAD
BEARING ELEMENTS IN THE STRUCTURE – STRENGTHENING OF