2.1 SEISMIC EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES
NATURE OF GROUND MOTION – EFFECTS OF SOURCE, PATH AND SITE –
GROUND SHAKING EFFECT ON STRUCTURES – EFFECTS OF
AMPLITUDE, DURATION AND DISTANCE OF EARTH QUAKE – DAMAGE
POTENTIAL OF EARTHQUAKES -EFFECTS OF INERTIA FORCES, SEISMIC
LOAD, DEFORMATIONS IN STRUCTURES, HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL
SHAKING OF STRUCTURES, TRANSFER OF INERTIA FORCES FROM TOP
TO BOTTOM – EFFECTS OF SOIL – INFLUENCE OF GROUND CONDITION
ON EARTHQUAKE MOTION – CAUSES FOR SEISMIC DAMAGES IN
BUILDINGS: SOFT STOREY FAILURE, FLOATING COLUMNS, PLAN
IRREGULARITY, VERTICAL IRREGULARITY, LACK OF CONFINEMENT OF
CONCRETE, LONG CANTILEVERS WITH HEAVY DEAD LOADS,
INSUFFICIENT SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS IN COLUMNS, POOR QUALITY
CONSTRUCTION, POOR QUALITY MATERIALS, CORROSION OF
REINFORCEMENT, POUNDING OF ADJACENT BUILDINGS – SHORT
COLUMN EFFECT – EFFECTS OF SIZE AND SHAPE OF BUILDINGS –
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL LAYOUT OF BUILDINGS – EFFECT OF
SHIFTING OF FILLER WALL LOCATIONS FROM FLOOR TO FLOOR, NON
UNIFORM RIGIDITY DISTRIBUTION – DUCTILITY AND FLEXIBILITY OF
BUILDINGS.